Women s Influence On Women - 1545 Words

Throughout history until about the last couple century’s women have had not as many rights compared to their male counter parts and this was especially evident in the ancient world. However women had more rights in places for example they had a bigger role in society compared to that of Greek women in ancient Greece. Women were cogs in a patriarchal dominated society woman were very much under their husbands control according to law and the most important role of women was to raise the children and work at the house with the slaves if they could be afforded. Women could not vote in Greek society, they could not own property, and women could not have much communication with males outside their immediate families. In Roman society however†¦show more content†¦It is interesting because of how Augustus the first Emperor of Rome used his daughter to find an heir for the emperorship. Augustus’s daughter Julia had her life controlled by her father for the sole purpose of providing and heir, passing her around men in the empire. Going back to stories about significant figures in mythology for example goddesses seemed to have a important significance in Roman society than Greek. Aphrodite is an example or Venus her Roman aspect both can be attributed to love, lust, and manipulation of men through charm however Venus is praised for being the â€Å"mother of Rome† because of her son Aeneas being ancestor of the founder Romulus according to the myth. It is also important to point out how the myths and stories contributed and supported customs within Rome. Women did have more rights within Rome that Greek women did not have but, women were under control of men especially their husbands and fathers. â€Å"No doubt Sabines did contribute to the early Roman bloodline, but behind the story must also lie an early custom of the command exchange of women, forced or voluntary.† The storiesShow MoreRelatedWomen s Influence On Women1288 Words   |  6 Pagespeople perceive women. Society in the 1900s to today has made makeup a necessity for a woman to be considered feminine. Cosmetics were first used in America in 1888 by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia, and were trademarked under the name Mumm. During the early years of the 20th century, makeup became fashionable in the United States of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars (Chaudhri and Jain 2.) Makeup began to flourish in America in the 1930s. Women used the mostRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women846 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent times, which influenced a new worldview. During the 1960s, the liberation movement pushed for egalitarianism for women. This movement really made an impact on woman. Women started to rebel against the normal sexual traditions. Additionally, women started to shy away from their traditional roles in the home. It is not uncommon now for women and men to share household duties. Women also uphold demanding jobs a nd profession in society now. These multiple roles affect the woman in many ways. For instanceRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women1004 Words   |  5 PagesAdvertising has been around since the 1850’s when Volney B. Palmer opened the first advertising agency in Philadelphia. From the beginning of this era, these ads have aided many businesses in promoting their products to the public but they don’t only promote these specific products. These advertisements promote what are thought to be social â€Å"norms† for women. They sell ideals for family, work, love, and the success that women are allowed to have. With all of this, they aim to communicate how a womanRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women2148 Words   |  9 Pageseveryone but unfortunately that is not the case. Pressures make women believe that they are not considered beautiful if they do not have magazine model bodies or they don’t have the face structure of a celebrity or they do something different than the norm with their hair or they are too short. It really is not a wonder why women struggle to feel pretty every day. False impressions are being put in the minds of youth and public by media that women just can’t live up to and shouldn’t have to. It all startsRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion: â€Å"Women received the vote based on their contribution to the war effort†. How accurate is this view that women gained the vote based solely on war work? 20 marks Attitudes towards women in 1900 were very different from attitudes today. In 1900 women’s personality traits were traditionally that they were emotional, untruthful immature, and so they were seen unfit and unworthy of the vote by men at that time. Many historians argue that there were many factors which led women to receivingRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lives of slave women during slavery in the Caribbean and the Southern parts of the USA. According to Deborah Gray White women has lost their identity, because the history of women has been based off of myth rather than the history of women (ar’n’t I a woman page 3). History is supposed to give people a clearly look into their past, but women believe that they have to prove their women hood; although, many women has proven this during slavery and all of their hard ships, women are still lookingRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women1599 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 1920s, â₠¬Ëœ30s, and ‘40s, women were making extreme social progress. They were starting to wear more revealing clothing, cutting their hair shorter, and generally becoming more respected in society. When the 1950’s came, however, women seemed to backtrack. The ‘50s housewife is a common stereotype associated with these times because of the rapid increase of ‘stay at home’ mothers. It was now the women’s job to stay at home and clean, cook, and watch the children when the husband was at workRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women1167 Words   |  5 PagesA notion of women have changed through encounter of various European people. Before that, they have their original culture, especially women role in the society was characteristic among mid-seventeenth centry to eighteen century. At the beginning of the book, the author Gunlong Fur shows that women had important role in the Native American society of Lenape. Firstly, they had responsibility of cultivating food, like corn and other vegetables. At this point, women knew when they should sow seeds byRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women997 Words   |  4 PagesOn a regularly basis women are judged for their appearance everywhere they may go. Whether it is by other woman or men, there are always negative remarks said about women. This is usually the reason why woman chose to wear make, to feel better about themselves during every occasion and enhance and array the beauty they already have. Of course, it is not necessary for woman to wear, but woman still do it because it makes them feel better. It is a form of great art used to elevate the beauty each womanRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesthat when a women desires something, no one can stop her.† Individuals, scholars, and groups concerned with human rights and feminism, often criticize Islam over the treatment of their women. Westerners, such as form er first lady, Laura Bush, began a social political crusade in the name of â€Å"saving Muslim women† from â€Å"deliberate human cruelty.† In literature, they were depicted as stubborn, unfaithful, fragile, whose actions were based on the fear of the male figure. In everyday life, women are faced

Sole Proprietorship And Limited Liability Company

Sole Proprietorship and Limited Liability Company For the past two years, Acme has been working out of the owner’s garage as a sole proprietorship. Which means there is one entity and there is no separation of the company and the owner. The sole proprietorship and the owner are one and the same meaning the business is not taxed but rather it is the owner’s income. The sole proprietorship is the least expensive to form. This type of entity has disadvantages of the owner being liable for all the debts of the company. Another disadvantage is the owner has to sign all contracts in their name which makes them personally liable for any legal action that could incur. Since Acme is a sole proprietorship, if someone is hurt on a business related†¦show more content†¦This structure has a pass-through tax entity meaning the business profits and losses taxes pass through to the business owner’s personal income taxes (Mancuso, 2015). However, it will decrease the ow ner’s liability. With a firework display show, there are some risks of liability. With the Sole Proprietorship, the owner could have to go out of business if an issue occurred and he was sued for liability. Employment Types and Agency Law Acme fireworks owner is looking at the extra workload that is transpiring through the new contracts with the large retailers. The owner thinks that new employment would be needed to produce that many shows. The owner really needs to have gratuitous agents to help with the firework displays. These agents would not seek compensation and that would really help with his predicament of hiring new employees. However, the work is hazardous and demanding, it would be better to obtain skilled employees that are loyal and reliable. The manager of the fireworks has the apparent authority to hire employees for the new workload. The owner is the principal and he did not specifically tell the manager (agent) to hire new employees. However, the managers hired the new employees because he assumed that was his role as a manager. The manager has to take into consideration of the laws involved in hiring new

Philosophy and The Truman Show Essay Example For Students

Philosophy and The Truman Show Essay The movie, The Truman Show is about a reality television show that has been created to document the life of a man who, adopted at birth by a television network, is tricked into believing that his life, his reality, is normal and the environment that he lives is real. It is set in a town called Seahaven, which is essentially a simulation of the real world similar enough to the outside world that the viewing audience can relate to it. The town is a television studio inside an enormous dome in which the weather, the sun, the sky, and all the actions of the citizens are directed by a team of special effects people. The entire show is directed and produced by the creator of the show, Christof. Truman Burbank, the star of the show, is the only one who doesnt know that he lives in a giant studio and is surrounded by an illusion of reality. The entire world watches Trumans movements twenty four hours a day, seven days a week through the use of thousands of miniature hidden cameras. The Truman Show closely parallels Platos Allegory of the Cave. Initially, Truman is trapped in his own cave; a film set or fictional island known as Seahaven. Trumans journey or ascension into the real world and into knowledge is similar to that of Platos cave dweller. Truman, much like the prisoners in the cave, would know no difference then what they have been taught or shown to be the real world their whole lives. If Truman was taught in geography class that there was only Seahaven and the rest of the world was water, then he would accept that as the truth. However, because of some of the situations he encounters and sees, and with his curiosity and logic, Truman is able to work out something isnt right about the world and manages to escape. Because it is a gradual realization, Truman doesnt go mad as his make believe world unravels around him. As might be the case with Platos cave dwellers, as they are stepping into the light of the real world. I think that a majority of people, as do I, would agree that there is something wrong with what was done to Truman. We would all tend to believe that it would be a sad existence for any person to be so fooled by his environment and be so oblivious to the truth for his whole life. However, Trumans situation is a metaphor for the current media climate that we live in today. The world has become something of a dome in which reality seems to be whatever we see and hear in the media. In an interview with the Christof character regarding the continued success of the show he said, We accept the reality of the world with which were presented. Its as simple as that.The world has become an audience waiting for reality to be presented in an hour long television program, or a two hour movie. The fake landscape Truman lives in is our own media landscape in which news, politics, and advertising are increasingly made up of theatrical illusions. The Truman Show addressed our fear of how far reality television could go, but also our fears about the consequences of media conglomerates amassing control, our growing dependence on media for reality, and ultimately our fear of the audience losing control of how far they will go. The Truman Show is also a critique of our fascination with reality TV. At one point, Christof says, Weve become bored watching actors give us phony emotionsWhile the world he inhabits is in some respects counterfeit, theres nothing fake about Truman himself. It isnt always Shakespeare, but its genuine. Its a life. Our fascination with authorized voyeurism in the form of reality television is articulated perfectly by Christof. The recent boom of reality TV programs is evidence of that, and it seems that the ethical boundaries are pushed with each new season. The audience is never blamed for its addiction to the show, the evil one is the creator. They buy into the manipulation of Truman just as people today purchase the photos of Princess Diane before and after her death. As there is with the complaints about contemporary media, the audience is not ultimately held responsible for watching. They eventually cheer for Truman as he makes his escape from Seahaven, and for a moment, it seems that the audience may realize that they themselves had created the show, and that they might repent and turn off the TV. But as the show ends, the two security guards pick up the remote control and casually look for another program not even questioning the ethics of what had happened. They have realized the evil, supported the rebellion, but then succumb all over again. I can imagine that the suicide hotlines lighting up all over the world as Truman left his world. .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 , .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .postImageUrl , .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 , .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48:hover , .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48:visited , .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48:active { border:0!important; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48:active , .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48 .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d61e3754cd955cc00ef85bbe62a9a48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Several Beautiful Sights in North Sumatra EssayWe are willing to blame the media for doing to us, what we have chosen for ourselves. And I can only think to wonder, Hows it going to end?

Owned Enterprise Emerging Economy Countries -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Owned Enterprise Emerging Economy Countries? Answer: Introduction: During the last two decades Chinese economy has faced remarkable growth and rapid transformation in their economy. With the help of the Open Door policy by the Chinese central government during the 1978, the Chinese economy has started to integrate itself with the global economy (Huang et al. 2016). China started to participate in the international trade in greater magnitude and within three decades it becomes the second largest country in economic terms in the world. With the accession of Chinese economy in the world trade organisation (WTO) the growth rate accelerated to a great extent (Hopewell 2015). With higher Ease of Doing Business index, china gained huge amount of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from the western economies that has aided the economy to become where it is now (Ahmad, Musheer and Singh 2017). However, during the last one decade, a special phenomenon has arisen in the case of Chinese economy, where the outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) of the country has suppressed the Inward FDI of the Chinese economy. This has highlighted that china is moving towards from a loan taker to loan giver through transforming itself into an investor (Chang et al. 2016). Despite the fact that OFDI of the Chinese economy has been rising subsequently over the year, various Chinese organisations has fall short of their objectives. Thus, it is important to discuss about the OFDI of the Chinese economy and trace out the factors that are affecting it. This essay will provide a framework that will discuss the OFDI activities of the Chinese economy and it will highlight various motivating factors of the same. Besides this, the essay will highlight the Chinese OFDI growth path and try to forecast the future of Chinese economy which is aiming to become a global investor. Chinese OFDI growth path: Traditional perspective of the FDI from the developed nation argues that it is sourced by the developed nations in order to exploit the cheap raw materials and labour in the developing nations. However, when it comes to OFDI, then it differs fundamentally. Owing to the fact that most of the outward FDI of the developing nations are disbursed to the developed countries with a substantial portion to the developing economy it aids to identify strategic assets (Xiongfeng et al 2016). Besides this, OFDI from the developing nations like china it aids to find out managerial and technological skill instead offering them superior technology grown in the home nation. When it comes to Chinese economy, then it has been observed that the country has fostered itself as one of the fastest growing economy with an annual growth rate of 6.7% (Blanchard, Oliver and Francesco 2016). According to the (Naughton and Barry 1996) with ever increasing amount of international trade, the country has become one of the nations that has highest amount of foreign exchange in its reserves. Besides this, statistically there has been substantial growth in the GDP of the country during the last two decades, which has aided the nation to become where it is now. Moving forward, it can be seen that these key factors has aided the country to have higher amount of the OFDI. From figure 1, it can be seen that Chinese economy has increased its OFDI largely over the period 2000 to 2013. As one of the emerging nations, the country has increased its OFDI from 2000 to 2013 by 44% ("MOFCOM Department of Outward Investment And Economic Cooperation Comments On Chinas Outward Investment Cooperation In January-October 2017 -" 2018). According to the same source, Chinese OFDI has increased by 14.1% from the previous year to the 102.9 USD; whereas the inward FDI increased to 119.6 billion USD by 1.7%. Till 2013, most of the Chinese OFDI was aimed towards the Asian economies, however, over the time china has reduced its investment to 50% in this region ("The Story Behind The Shine | Michaelhill.Com" 2018). With higher amount of capital and monetary stock, the economy has become potent enough to penetrate the European economies. Presently, European countries have become the second largest recipient of the Chinese investment and it has given the china an upper hand to diversify its investment further leading towards greater sustainability. Figure 2 suggests that OFDI from Chinese economy is highly concentrated towards the Asian economy. Almost 68% of its OFDI is directed towards the Asian economy and second largest share of the outward FDI of Chinese economy is enjoyed by the Latin America ("MOFCOM Department Of Outward Investment And Economic Cooperation Comments On ChinaS Outward Investment Cooperation In January-October 2017 -" 2018). Natural resource seeking tendency of the Chinese economy has provided the economy a stimuli to have higher level of OFDI, though the per capita resource availability is much lower. Thus to ensure constant flow of natural resource, Chinese economy has raised the outward FDI to the Asian nations that are enriched with the resources (You, Kefei and Offiong 2015). Strong state control over the market and economy has helped the country to have higher level of OFDI (Ash and Kueh 1996). Chinese multinational enterprises have boosted the OFDI over the year to reach 184.3 billion USD. Presently the china invested in 5,410 enterprises in the 160 countries around the world and the overseas personnel dispatched count reached to 974,000 ("China Becomes World's Second-Largest Source of Outward FDI: Report - Xinhua | English.News.Cn" 2018). Considering this, it can be said that growth path of the Chinese OFDI is highly agile and with constant governmental intervention makes it sustainable. Motivation for rise in Chinese OFDI: Various factors have helped the Chinese economy to have higher level of OFDI, which are as follow: Government support and export promotion programs to raise the level of OFDI Constant research and development has helped the economy to come up with superior technologies compared to its rivals Entrepreneurial desire and slow start doctrine in core competencies has helped the economy to penetrate the international market properly with flow of outward investment (Pradhan 2017) Strategic asset and natural asset seeking interest of the Chinese economy is one of the main reasons that acted as the stimuli to the Chinese OFDI Strategies for increasing Chinese OFDI: During 2004, china was the leading country that has highest amount of FDI, however, over the next one decade it has transformed itself as the second largest FDI investor. There are various strategies that helped the country to avail this position, which are as follows (Wang et al. 2018): IJV route: International joint venture is one of the best ways to make strong foot print in the foreign market. Chins utilized this strategy and makes strong partnership with the foreign nations ranging from Asian countries to western countries (Wang et al. 2018). Wholly owned subsidiaries: Using this strategy, Chinese enterprises during initial stage gain international recognition with their products and services and then direct their investments to the foreign market (Piperopoulos et al. 2018). Cross-border acquisition and mergers: Utilizing this simple framework of growing the footprint in the international market, Chinese economy becomes the second largest investor. With the huge amount of capital, china at initial stage purchases the foreign brands and using their goodwill and rand name directs their investment in the foreign market (Li et al. 2018). With these various strategies, Chinese economy enhanced their OFDI and now it has become the second largest investor in the world. Challenges for Chinese OFDI: With 206.69 billion USD OFDI, china has become the second largest investor in the world, however, there are certain amount of risks too ("Chinas Overseas Investments, Explained in 10 Graphics | World Resources Institute" 2018). Due to the difference in the managerial and cultural practice in the different markets, it has become hard for the Chinese investment to find their ideal target. Moreover, lack of personnel who have international management skills has made the Chinese investment to influence the western economies (Appelbaum and Henderson 1992). According to the figure 3, it can be seen that most of the investment of china was concentrated in the Asian economy during the 2004. Lack of diversity in the Chinese OFDI has made it critical for the economy to provide stimuli. Thus, over the next one decade it has taken various transformational steps in order to diversify the investment and by the year 2014, it has effectively reduced investment in the Asian country and a rise in inve stment in the western economy ("China Becomes World's Second-Largest Source Of Outward FDI: Report - Xinhua | English.News.Cn" 2018). Chinese OFDI is maturing itself over the time and it is now the second largest investor. However, it needs to understand the post entry process in order to integrate itself with the various economies (Buckley et al. 2018). Future forecast of Chinese OFDI: China has ever increasing amount of the OFDI and according to the trend, the countrys outward FDI is rising at 17.9% annual rate. Considering the different industry, it has been observed that the OFDI of the country is rising in the case of commercial service industry by 32.4%, manufacturing industry by 17.0%, retail and wholesale industry by 12.3% and information transmission by 9.9% annually ("MOFCOM Department Of Outward Investment And Economic Cooperation Comments On Chinas Outward Investment Cooperation In January-October 2017 -" 2018). Besides this, the country has signed deals of investment summing approximately 155.47 billion USD and the additional 12.37 billion USD as the contractual project investment in 4,951 enterprises ("Chinas Overseas Investments, Explained In 10 Graphics | World Resources Institute" 2018). According to the same source, China-Pakistan economic corridor project signed by both the developing nations is an ambitious project of 13.3 billion USD that has bo osted the total OFDI of the Chinese economy to 206.69 billion USD for the year 2018. According to the figure 5, it can be seen that the future forecast shows that by the end of the year the economy has disbursed 5 trillion USD as OFDI since 2004 to 2012. And the projection highlights that it will rise to 18 trillion by the year 2020 if the trend remains same, making it the largest investor in the world ("China To Become One Of Worlds Biggest Overseas Investors By 2020" 2018). Presently, it is acknowledged as the second largest investor in the world and with its ambitious projects it can certainly become the largest investor in the world (Li et al. 2016). However, there are various recommendations that the country to need to follow in order to keep the flow continued, which is discussed below. Recommendations for the Chinese economy to become a world investor: Chinese OFDI is growing at a large scale over the year and recently with ambitious project with various economies, multinational enterprises, the economy is expected to high demand of their investment too. However, there are various factors that need to be checked to maintain the trend. Recommendations for keeping the Chinese OFDI are as follows: China needs to diversify its OFDI in order to make it elastic The country need to invest more on the high yielding assets in order to enhance the scope of higher return Though there is rise in FDI outflow, the Chinese economy need to invest more in the neighbouring nation, which will not only reduce the scope of retaliation of Chinese activities in the area, besides this it will provide diversity in the Chinese OFDI portfolio Chinese economy mainly invest in the commercial projects, however it need to invest more in the infrastructural development projects Conclusion: This essay has analyzed the OFDI performance of the Chinese economy and it tried to find out the factors that are affecting the outward flow of the FDI for the Chinese economy. Besides this, it has tried to forecast the future of Chinese OFDI and found that there is high potential in front of the Chinese economy to become a world investor. Above analysis has found that there is sharp rise in the OFDI of the Chinese economy and if the trend continues, then the Chinese economy will be the largest investor in the world by 2020. The analysis has found that most of the OFDI of the Chinese economy is disbursed to the Asian countries that possess risk in the case of demand side shock. Besides this, Chinese economy needs to diversify its OFDI and invest more in the high yielding assets. The report has also found that conventional motivations like government support, global competition, idiosyncratic motivations helps the country to have higher level of OFDI. In addition to this, Chinese mult inational enterprises strategic asset seeking encouragement has helped the nation to become one of the largest investor in the world. To conclude, it can be said that, given proposition in the question is true and if the trend continues then, the country can certainly reflect itself in the role of global investor. Reference: "China Becomes World's Second-Largest Source Of Outward FDI: Report - Xinhua | English.News.Cn". 2018.Xinhuanet.Com. https://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-06/08/c_136350164.htm. "China To Become One Of WorldS Biggest Overseas Investors By 2020". 2018.Ft.Com. https://www.ft.com/content/5136953a-1b3d-11e5-8201-cbdb03d71480. "ChinaS Overseas Investments, Explained In 10 Graphics | World Resources Institute". 2018.Wri.Org. https://www.wri.org/blog/2015/01/china%E2%80%99s-overseas-investments-explained-10-graphics. "MOFCOM Department Of Outward Investment And Economic Cooperation Comments On ChinaS Outward Investment Cooperation In January-October 2017 -". 2018.English.Mofcom.Gov.Cn. https://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/policyreleasing/201711/20171102674847.shtml. "MOFCOM Department Official Of Outward Investment And Economic Cooperation Comments On ChinaS Outward Investment And Cooperation In 2016 -". 2018.English.Mofcom.Gov.Cn. https://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/policyreleasing/201701/20170102503092.shtml. Ahmad, Musheer, and Ram Singh. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON EASE OF DOING BUSINESS WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO BRICS NATIONS."Pranjana: The Journal of Management Awareness20, no. 1 (2017). Appelbaum, and Henderson. 1992.States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim. Ebook. Sage Publications. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/States_and_development_in_the_Asian_Paci.html?id=gZIoAQAAMAAJredir_esc=y. Ash, Robert, and Kueh. 1996.The Chinese Economy under Deng Xiaoping. EBook. Clarendon Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qWy1qNyqBucCprintsec=frontcoverdq=The+Chinese+economy+under+Deng+Xiaopinghl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwja5sjln47ZAhUDLKwKHaQjB0MQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepageq=The%20Chinese%20economy%20under%20Deng%20Xiaopingf=false. Blanchard, Olivier, and Francesco Giavazzi. "Rebalancing growth in China: A three-handed approach." InSEEKING CHANGES: The Economic Development in Contemporary China, pp. 49-84. 2016. Blanchard, Olivier, and Francesco Giavazzi. "Rebalancing growth in China: A three-handed approach." InSEEKING CHANGES: The Economic Development in Contemporary China, pp. 49-84. 2016. Buckley, Peter J., L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss, Adam R. Cross, Xin Liu, and Ping Zheng. "A retrospective and agenda for future research on Chinese outward foreign direct investment."Journal of International Business Studies(2018): 1-20. Chang, Chun, Kaiji Chen, Daniel F. Waggoner, and Tao Zha. "Trends and cycles in Chinas macroeconomy."NBER Macroeconomics Annual30, no. 1 (2016): 1-84. Hopewell, K., 2015. Different paths to power: The rise of Brazil, India and China at the World Trade Organization.Review of International Political Economy,22(2), pp.311-338. Huang, Lu, Lijiao Yan, and Jianguo Wu. "Assessing urban sustainability of Chinese megacities: 35 years after the economic reform and open-door policy."Landscape and Urban Planning145 (2016): 57-70. Li, Jian, Roger Strange, Lutao Ning, and Dylan Sutherland. "Outward foreign direct investment and domestic innovation performance: Evidence from China."International Business Review25, no. 5 (2016): 1010-1019. Li, Ming Hua, Lin Cui, and Jiangyong Lu. "Varieties in state capitalism: Outward FDI strategies of central and local state-owned enterprises from emerging economy countries." InState-Owned Multinationals, pp. 175-210. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018. Naughton, and Barry. 1996.Growing Out Of The Plan; Chinese Economic Reform 1978-1993. Ebook. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LzzgQP0BX34Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=Growing+out+of+the+plan;+Chinese+economic+reform+1978-1993hl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwig-tCIoY7ZAhUHso8KHU4WB88Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepageq=Growing%20out%20of%20the%20plan%3B%20Chinese%20economic%20reform%201978-1993f=false. Piperopoulos, Panagiotis, Jie Wu, and Chengqi Wang. "Outward FDI, location choices and innovation performance of emerging market enterprises."Research Policy47, no. 1 (2018): 232-240. Pradhan, Jaya Prakash. "Emerging multinationals: A comparison of Chinese and Indian outward foreign direct investment."Institutions and Economies(2017): 113-148. Xiongfeng, Pan, Yan Yaobo, and Wang Guan. "Research on the Conduct Path of Outward Foreign Direct Investment, Technology Innovation and Economics Growth."Statistical Research8 (2016): 004.

Prostitution Essays (1830 words) - Sex Industry, Prostitution

Prostitution Outline Thesis: Prostitution should be legalized because not only does it financially benefit the country, but legalized prostitution could also reduce crime. I. Illegalized prostitution A. Preservation of morality B. Health risks C. Violent crime D. Costs to citizens II. Legalized prostitution A. Constitutional right B. Regular health exam C. Reduction of violent crime D. Government regulation III. Argument Prostitution is known as the oldest profession in the world, however, many states in the U.S. outlaw it. The textbook definition of prostitution is the act or practice of engaging in sexual acts for money (Prostitution, Macmillan 805). Nevada is the first in the United States to legalize prostitution. Although the long term effects of legalized prostitution is uncertain, the short term effects have been economically beneficial. Prostitution should be legalized because not only could it financially benefit the country, but it could also reduce crime. There are many reasons why prostitution is illegal in 49 U.S. states today. First, and foremost, many people feel that prostitution should stay illegal in order to preserve morality. Parents do not want their children to grow up thinking that prostitution is acceptable. Worse yet, parents do not want to hear their children say, When I grow up, I want to be a prostitute. Christianity also looks down upon prostitution because according to their beliefs, the act of sex is only to be done when a man and a women are in love and married. Monogamy is to be practiced in the marriage, and any violation of this is considered a sin. Another reason why the preservation of morality is so important is that people's morals shape the future of a nation. Many people feel that if prostitution is legalized, then its long term effects would be detrimental to the United States. The divorce rate in the United States peaked at an all time high in 1980 (Marriage 56). By the legalization of prostitution, thi s would allow room for husbands and wives to commit adultery. Thus, leading the marriage to a divorce. The divorce rate has really increased over the centuries. In the U.S. today, the divorce rate is fifty percent of the U.S. (Holland 86). Second, prostitution is a great health risk to the U.S. because of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A major concern about STDs is the spread of AIDS, which is currently a deadly STD because a cure has not been found for the disease. The transmission of 2 STDs is already on the rise due to many uneducated teenagers having unprotected sex. In addition, most of theses teens are not going to a physician to be screened for STDs. Because of this, many curable STDs are going untreated and being spread throughout a community. Prostitution only adds to this problem because prostitutes have sexual contact on a daily basis, and rarely have themselves screened for STDs. Most of the time, prostitutes will not go to a doctor because they can't afford it, they're too afraid, and/or they just don't want to deal with it. Unfortunately, simply ignoring the problem does not make it go away. Some taxpayers feel that this problem will only increase the cost of health care. In some cases prostitutes become pregnant and are left to raise a child on their own. For these women, their futures are uncertain because now they have a child to care for. This is another concern for taxpayers because the majority of these women will seek government assistance. With prostitution being illegal, many violent crimes against prostitutes go unreported every year. Prostitutes are often too frightened to report the crime to police. Most of the time, the crime's perpetuator is a pimp or a client. Several of the crimes committed against prostitutes include robbery, kidnaping, rape, battery, and/or homicide. Prostitutes, however, are not the only victims. Sometimes the client is also the victim. A street prostitute is already a lawbreaker, which may encourage other crimes, such as ?rolling' clients (drugging them and stealing their money) (Street Cleaning 25). As a result, crimes associated with illegal prostitution often go unreported and without punishment. Although enforcement of illegal prostitution exhausts a great amount of time, some citizens feel that the time is well spent. Many residents complain that street prostitution brings noise, declining property values, a bad environment

Benjamin Franklins Success Model Life and Times in the Autobiography essays

Benjamin Franklins Success Model Life and Times in the Autobiography essays Philosopher, scientist, and framer of the US Constitution: these are just few of the occupations Benjamin Franklin had been involved with throughout his life. In his memoir entitled, "Autobiography," Franklin talks about his life successfully assuming positions and occupations that had benefited American society. Interspersed with the narrative accounts of his life, the great proponent of the Enlightenment period also infused insightful thoughts about his philosophy of life and his optimistic view of humanity's goodness and potential to achieve perfection. One of the interesting points of "Autobiography" is his proposed model for success in life, wherein he enumerated thirteen (13) virtues in the life of man, which shall be his guide in his pursuit for perfection and satisfaction in life. This paper provides a detailed discussion and analysis of Franklin's life, applying in the discussion how his own model of success in life reflects his life. Franklin's success model is made up of four (4) virtues which bring into light the characteristics that made him successful and contented in life: resolution, industry, justice, and The first element that makes up Franklin's success model is resolution, describing this virtue as follows: "Resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve." As a young man, Franklin is already seen as a resolute individual, who have a definite plan of action in achieving his goals in life. At a young age, he had already recognized the value of planning ahead, of formulating goals and dreams and systematically achieves them. In "Autobiography," he was able to go through all the hardships and difficulties in his work as a printer in Philadelphia, that, despite the conflicts that he had with his former employer, he was able to remain optimistic about his future and plan ahead despite his limited financial resources. ...

Swallows and Amazons, or the Sporting Exception to the Gender Case Study

Swallows and Amazons, or the Sporting Exception to the Gender Rcognition Act - Case Study Example In that regard, the Gender Recognition Act 2004 therefore maintained that transgendered individuals be denied the opportunity to take part in sporting activities if their involvement is not encouraging to either ‘safety’ or ‘competitive fairness’. This paper reflects on the rights of the transgendered personalities, and specifically what the United Kingdom’s Gender recognition Act 2004 purports in regard to sports’, and the law’s, obscurity in obliging their participation in sports. This paper will therefore focus on the Section 19 of the Act. The s.19 of the Act facilitates various sporting bodies in prohibiting transgendered people of participation on the grounds of their ‘safety’ or ‘competitive fairness’ (Jack, 2006). This will be supported by the fact that neither ground can be established in the light of both the existing case law in transgender rights accompanied by the existing position of therapeutic ac quaintance. The possibility that s. 19 otiose is in part a consequence of being a hastily drafted provision and lately inserted to appease the sports lobby and its mouthpieces in the House of Lords. This paper is thus, a social and legal study on the Swallows and Amazons, Or the Sporting Exception to the Gender Recognition Act. ... re scrutinized, labeled and categorized in preparedness for their own, ‘Special’, Olympics at a particular moment when the informed harmony has undeniably moved away from the medical model of disability (Peter, 2005). The individuals whose bodies are outside the norms of sex gender due to their innate biology or due to the fact that they eschew the paradigm of normal manliness or femininity. Also the heterosexuality imperative that are faced with unique challenges: struggles over the sporting body which led to litigation by for instance, pregnant participations or female boxers with the aim of determining and relation of an acceptable level of the male hormone amongst female athletes. This has really aggravated the attention of the judicial field. Another area is the aspect of gay men or lesbians women who remain marginalized, in order to allow the International Olympic Committee would sanction of the use of the word ‘Olympic’ at the Gay Games. This is happe ning while the ‘Canine Olympics’, ‘Scout Olympic’, and ‘Police Olympic’ have been tolerated in the past twenty years (Jack, 2006). Sex chromatin screening was also added to the testers’ arsenal in an implicit acknowledgement in 1967 since the governing bodies did not have an interest in male imposters but instead they had an interest in females who had unusual chromosomal compositions producing testosterone not normal in women (Aileen, 2006). Various high profile athletes who had unusual chromosomal compositions had to justify through testing to their rivals who felt threatened. This is because they were viewed to have an unfair advantage to their rivals who subsequently resented their success in sporting activities (Aileen, 2006). This proved very controversial since unusual chromosomal

History assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History - Assignment Example Even in events where stable states arose, they did not match the sizes and authorities of the Ottoman and Ming Empires. Portugal and Spain were the most expansive and populous European states in the sixteenth century. Portugal had a population of 1million while Spain had a population of 9 million. The Ottoman Empire had a population of 25 million loyal and dedicated citizens (Tignor and Hague, 2007). This gave the empire an upper hand in penetrating other kingdoms and states in the West and the East to spread Islam. Ottoman’s assault on Central Europe and Balkans and invasion of Croatia and Hungary in 1492 and 1493 marked the beginning of serious conversion attempts of the West to Islam. The invasion was so voracious and threatening that the French invaded Italy to try spread their crusade against the Ottomans in the territory. One of the methods used by the Ottoman Empire to lead a successful conversion was the adoption of administrative practices that unified the large empir e. Mehmed, the ruler of the time made Istabul administrative capital of the Ottoman Empire and adopted Byzantine administrative style thus incorporating the powerful families of the Byzantines to the empire. Using the effective administrative system, the ruler and his successors expanded the territories of Ottoman Empire and eventually seized Greece and Balkan (Tignor and Hague, 2007). ... The Western merchants became so worried at the successful use of port controls to capture the capital by the Ottoman that they never thought it would ever be possible to gain riches from Asia via the traditional overland route. Ottoman’s strategic use of geographic points denied the West of their riches and merchandise, thus weakening the states. Invasion became easy and thus they were able to spread Islam. Unlike the Christian crusades that wielded their dynastic dominance on the power of the sword, ottoman dynasty was centered on sound religious foundation. The Christian crusades used excess force to force to convert the people they targeted with the crusades. The crusades gained a false tag of â€Å"holy wars†. There was practically no choice of staying out of the crusades. The battles divinized, and Pauline metaphor, â€Å"fighting for Christ† became a rule. At first, the adventures appeared to have a humane focus as the initial military sacerdotal orders dem anded high ideals of chivalry, charity and medical care for the wounded. Grand and petty political intrigues often overrode these well-intended acts (Tignor and Hague, 2007). By the time the Fourth Crusades began, the Papal authority had lost control over monastic knights. Innocent III thereby excommunicated Templers. Ottoman dynasty that spread Islam, on the other hand, centered on religious ideals. The Sultans combined warriors’ ethos with unshaken devotion to Islam. They claimed to be the shadows of God on earth and took it upon themselves to be caretakers of the welfare of Islamic faith. Efforts of the Ottomans to spread Islam in both the West and the East were successful because of the ruling elite’s ability to win favor of diverse populations. Unlike the Christian Crusaders, the Ottoman’s capture of

Econ of Arts and Entertainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Econ of Arts and Entertainment - Essay Example An example of such issues is the labor market issue. Using the sports industry as an example of an art related industry, this paper aims at discussing the labor market issues in the sports industry. One of the main things that attract spectators to sports is the fact that they will be able to experience some aspects of struggles that are common in human lives in a dramatic and stark way. However, economists can be attracted to sports for reasons that are different from those of the spectators. To economists they see sports as an industry with the ability to illustrate the economic principles in an attractive and interesting way. Over the years the labor aspect of the sports industry has gradually grown to become more and more complex (Burk 173). It has gotten to a place when been involved in professional sports without commercializing it is no longer attractive. This trend can be illustrated by the way soccer teams globally have to spend more on their players in order to make sure that they attract more fans which will result to more income. If a team chooses not to spend more in order to hire the best players in the market, they will be competitively disadvantaged making them less attractive. Supply and demand of labor are aspects that should be keenly observed in any industry, especially during these days of economic hardships and uncertainty. This applies to the sports industry. It is important to note that the demand for labor in the sports industry can influence that rate of payment for human labor. The payment can also vary in terms of individual mobility, racial discrimination, personal productivity, and availability of substitutes. Property rights can affect the supply of sports talent. Collective agreements like payroll caps, reverse order drafts, and revenue sharing can be used to control such forces (Rosner and Shropshire 137). Under normal

Public Health Case Study

Public Health Case Study Fundamantals of public Health: Science and Practice Assessment This assignment will consider a given case study involving a lady named Melissa, she is a 45 year old Afro-Caribbean lady who had a University education. She now has a good job managing a regional chain of high street clothing stores. She has been engaged to her boyfriend for 12 months. She smokes heavily and spends several evenings each week and every weekend in various bars and clubs, where she drinks excessively and takes recreational drugs with her friends. Her partner disapproves of her behaviour and considers her friends to be a bad influence. She was recently taken to AE after collapsing in a nightclub. Her parents and her partner are concerned about her long term health. Due to these circumstances Melissa will be assessed on her needs as an individual, given advice on how to take care of her health and where she can access this guidance. Public health has been the concern of the government since Victorian times, and became the priority of the NHS (National Health Service) in 1974. However the UK (United Kingdom) Government has begun to return the responsibility of health improvement to local governments. They believe that local governments have the ability to focus on local populations and shape the services to meet the local populations needs (Department of Health 2011). Public health can be defined in a variety of ways depending on the individuals opinion and beliefs. However, it is common knowledge that public health is the prevention of disease, long term illness and a priority of prolonging life among the whole population. This process is encouraged and achieved through health promotion.The WHO (World Health organisation) definition of health promotion is â€Å"the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions† (WHO, 2012). All nursing staff currently on the NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council) register are involved in public health and have specific roles in promoting public health activities. One of the primary focuses with upstream nursing is to reduce health inequalities and social determins. However, for this to take effect it is required that all nursing practitioners fully understand the fundamentals of public health and health promotion. The upstream nursing framework, Living Well; Working well and Aging well was put in place to assist in the active promotion of health and well being (Nursing, 2012). Melissa will be educated about the services available to her and this assignment will demonstrate the understandings of key public health principles such as her age, ethnicity, religious beliefs her education and where she resides. Explaining why this may have an effect on her in society. The assignment will discuss the relevant sociological theories surrounding inequalities within populations and communities. It will focus on Melissas current lifestyle and the possible consequences this will have on her health. Finally the assignment will clarify on the recent policy incentives available to Melissa and her family, which will offer the support they need. To conclude a summary of findings will be discussed. Before the nursing practitioner can begin to educate Melissa about the services available to her, providing the person centered care she deserves. The nurses themselves must be aware of the basic key concepts within society, including the priorities and the correct practice. The relationship between health and society must be fundamental. Social circumstances have an impact on health inequalities through a variety of means, such as age, ethnicity, education, environment, income and available support. Inequalities are simply differences in peoples circumstances which therefore has an impact on their health (Wills, 2005). The main social determinant that has the biggest impact on health of Melissa is her race, ethnicity, cultural background and her beliefs. The link between ethnicity and social class also has a significant impact on someones health and life expectancy. For this reason sociologists study society, helping people to understand and respond appropriately to society and cult ure around us. Stratification is one of the sociological concepts by sociologist Max Webber. He discusses how various groups of people place within society, whether it be within a population or a community. This is often stratified by means of income, social class, gender, ethnicity, religion and political status. In Melissas case there are two key areas to discuss, firstly her form of biological characteristics, such as her skin colour and secondly her ethnic background. Melissa is of Afro – Caribbean origin, therefore her biological characteristics will differ from those of white British ethnicity. Her skin colour will be the more prominent difference along with her hair type, eye colour and structural build. Her ethnic background differences will likely be her spoken native language, preferred fashion, beliefs and her religion. These forms of differences would often lead to racialism (Jennie Naidoo, 2005). Racism a combination of discrimination and prejudice based upon Melissas difference s. These differences become ranked inferior or superior to each other, often resulting in a belief that because someone is of differences they should be treated differently. It is this unfair treatment that consequently induces inequalities towards Melissa. Therefore causing inequalities towards Melissas health (Pratt, 2006). The white paper Tackilng health inequalities for minority ethnic groups shows that in 2007 Non manual workers like Melissa reports 21 out of 100 white British people being in poor health compared to the 25 Caribbean nationals. Providing the evidence base that Melissa`s ethnic differences will have a downward effect on her overall health compared to the UK white British population (Randhawa, 2007). The possible determines of health for such inequalities can be influenced by housing, income, environment, education and the services available within her community. Also the white paper, Fair Society Healthy Lives has statistical evidence to support that life expectancy between both men and women has a seven year difference between different social classes of society (Marmott, 2010). Inequalities of wealth and health are not only an issue within the UK, they are global. For example, America, the UK and most European countries are among the wealthy, having a wealth, capital of over $50000 e ach, in comparison to Africa and Asian countries with Capital of just $2000 and under. These statistics show that the concentration of global wealth inequalities is high. Such inequalities are responsible for poor health services and education within these lower wealth countries, due to the simple fact that they cannot afford the resources (Mindfully.org, 2006). However, in Melissas case, social stratification which refers to the social class of people who share the same level of wealth. Would insist that Melissa has minimal strain from income inequalities in the UK. The Gilbert – Kahl model which focuses on income consists of six categories; The underclass, the working poor class, the working class, the middle class, the upper middle class and the capitalist class. The class structure of Gilberts model bases its assumptions of the economic society. In this model it would appear that Melissa having a managerial role within a chain of high street clothing stores, is part of the upper middle class society. Due to her university education and well paid employment, Gilberts model would suggest that Melissa deserves what she has achieved and is entitled to her share of life and her chosen lifestyle (Sill, 2014). The feminists would agree with Gilberts assumption of Melissa deserving what she has achieved regardless of her gender. Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett was one of the early 19th century feminists, she campaigned for the right of womens votes. She then became an activist on improving womens educational opportunities (Howorth, 2004). Since then feminism activists have gone on to make changes for women within society and politics. Modern feminism has four main focuses; the differences of gender, inequalities of gender, gender oppression and structural oppression. The theory of feminism is focused on giving women a voice and making awareness of womens contributions to society (Humm, 2014). Due to this women are now entitled to vote, seek employment without gender discrimination, reduced isolation of women from the household and reduced the differences in pay. Feminism has seen sections of legal legislation put in place for instance, The Equal pay Act 1970, The Sexual Discrimination Act 19 75 and the Equality Act 2006 plus many more, which all provide legal frameworks to protect women. Therefore, reducing the overall level of inequalities between women and men (Gov.uk, 2006). However, it was the historical work of Karl Marx and his Marxism theory that originally catoregised people in relation to economic production in society. Marx called this Capitalism, he implied that people who owned the production were the capitalists and the people that provided the labor were the proletariat (workers). This theory went on to create hostility between the two social classes. The proletariats were withheld from the products that they created and the development of its production, which left them feelings of alienation. This created feelings of less self worth and the social relationship between the capitalists and the proletariats became prominent in relation to power (Blaxter, 2004). However the feminists saw that it was these economic inequalities of power within a population, that began the understanding in regards to inequalities between social classes and gender. Insisting that the ability to overcome capitalism, would result in the reconstruction of the gender i mbalance (Yuill, 2003). It is clear to see from Melissas employment status and life style that social economy has evolved from Marx`s theory and the inequalities between men, women, owners and workers has drastically reduced. However, inequalities are still the forefront subject within upstream nursing and new frameworks such as the National Service framework for equality and diversity. Insists that the NHS (National Health Service) will respond to different needs of different populations fairly. Assisting in the understanding of individual needs during public health support (NHS, 2014). Today, women in the UK are expected to live until they are 82, but numerous people are dying young. Melissa is a heavy smoker and drinks excessive amounts of alcohol on a regular basis, she is also know to indulge on recreational drugs. In 2007 1 in 6 people died before the age of 65 due to diseases such as cancer, respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, most of which are avoidable. Most longstanding illnesses are due to individual lifestyle choices and the stability of mental health (Government, 2010). Health and wellbeing are influenced by a variety of factors, for example, social environment, mental health and culture and these factors continually change across ones lifespan. The No Health Without Mental Health Framework delves into mental health outcomes in relation to health and well being. It assesses life satisfaction, self worth and stress in relation to the lifestyle choices of individuals. The fact that Melissas chooses to smoke has already put her in danger of premature health complications. Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 100,000 UK deaths, it reduces the quality of health and causes premature death. Approximately 365 of respiratory deaths are caused by smoking. Short term health conditions linked to smoking are infections of the respiratory tract and the possible onset of asthma. However, Melissa is also at the risk of developing much worse conditions such as a variety of cancers, emphysema, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis. The cost of smoking related illnesses is approximately  £2.7 billion to  £5.2 billion within each year on the NHS (ash, 2014). Melissa also chooses to regularly drink alcohol and use recreational drugs. Statistics show that regular alcohol drinkers among the UK population amounts to 58% and in 2012 1,008,850 hospital admissions were related to alcohol. It is also estimated that the misuse of alcohol costs the NHS in excess of  £ 3.5 billion per year (Gov.uk, 2012). The miss use of drugs among adults in the UK also equates to 2.7 million UK residents, with cannabis being the most commonly used drug and ecstasy coming in second. This misuse leads to 6,549 hospital admissions in 2013 along with 1,496 drug related deaths (Lifestyles Statistics, 2013). The main long term issues related to alcohol and drug use is an addiction, and health implications of the cardiovascular system. From these statistics is can be seen that Melissa has a very risky lifestyle and she has increased her chances of developing long and short term illnesses prematurely in relation to this. Once Melissa has had her assessment of health needs the framework model for up stream nursing; protect, promote and prevent will be practiced. Local level health promotion strategies within Melissa`s region will be identified, such as local stop smoking support. The DH (Department of Health) published the paper Smoking Kills in 1998 and recently released the document Tobacco Control. These papers have made measures to reduce smoking in public areas, restricted advertising and have supported the rise of tobacco costs (Cartwright, 2008). The Mental Health Foundation, focus on mental health awareness and inequalities as well as linking mental health policies, research and evidence to produce publications covering a wide range of mental health issues (Foundation, 2014). The Drink Aware campaign provides the public with information in regards to alcohol consumption. They promote responsible use of alcohol and the health issues related (Drinkaware, 2014), National Drug Prevention Alliance, provide education on addiction and how it takes control of your life. They provide support for family and friends too (Dependence, 2014). Finally the Womens Health Concern campaign provides information and education to women in regards to their health and wellbeing, including advice on lifestyle concerns (Concern, 2014). Many of these public health promoting campaigns are a charity funded but are supported by the government. The government has taken responsibility for public health promotion, however the government cannot achieve this alone. Individuals have to take action in regards to improving their own and their familys health. A new radical approach towards health and wellbeing is being pursued. At root level local authorities will be taking responsibility within society, dealing with the determines of health and support the public in making healthier selections (Nursing, 2011). The Directors of Public Health are the main advisors to the local authorities in relation to health. They are members of the health and well being board, but it is the department of Public Health England which offers the overall support to both sections. The new approach has its strategies sent out from the Secretary of Health. Who is responsible for allocating budgets to the local authorities and NHS. The Public Health England framework supports this approach. Believing, giving the responsibility back to local authorities w ill result in them being able to support their community with the services which that particular area needs (Health, 2013). Upon discharge from hospital Melissa will be advised on The primary care choices available to her such as GP (General Practitioner) practices and high street optometrists. The role of the nurse is influential in this case and the white paper Nusres as partners in delivering public health points out the contributions made by nurses has a major impact on behavior changes within the health promotion environment. It illustrates the success of upstream nursing with case study examples, providing evidence that health promotion at local levels working in partnership with other local services has a detrimental impact on reducing health inequalities (Nursing, 2009). In conclusion to this case study health and health promotion bases itself on cultural and social understanding of illness. The promotion of health is to enable the public to hold control over their own health by means of encouragement from intersectorial means. It is the influence of ones social and economic status, which can determine peoples lifestyle choices and risks. The statistics show that one bad lifestyle choice can reduce quality of life and cost health care services billions to provide treatment. Therefore, without the intervention of the government and the nursing professional background knowledge and support. The general public, perhaps, would lack the reduction in health inequalities and the stabilisation of the NHS. Amanda Jane Kaye

Educating Rita Essay examples -- Education Educating Rita Willy Russel

Educating Rita The play Educating Rita, only has two characters, Frank and Rita, Rita wants to learn literacy, and Frank is her tutor. The play is set in the 1970's, when there was not a lot of unemployment, and there was plenty of money. Although Rita has everything she needs, she is dis-satisfied with her life, she wants something more. Rita feels that there is no meaning to life, and she wants to find one. The characters Rita and Frank are two totally different people, Rita is uneducated and common, whereas Frank is educated and well spoken. I found the play has no specific genre, I found it came under realist, with the issues it covers like divorce, I found it came under comedy, because it made you laugh in places, and I thought it also came under drama. Frank has a serious drinking habit; we are first introduced to this at the beginning of the play, when Frank, "pulls out a pile of books to reveal a bottle of whisky." This shows the audience that he his trying to hide his habit because perhaps he feels it is wrong, or perhaps he doesn't want to get caught drinking at work. Rita's first reaction to this habit was "y' wanna be careful with that stuff, it kills y' brain cells." This shows the audience that she might be a person who jokes a lot, but if she says it in a serious way, then it shows that she doesn't really like drinking, or that she is concerned for Frank, in case he throws his life away. In the rest of the play Frank is nearly always drunk, he is always pouring himself a drink. In act 2 scene 5 Rita has read Franks poems, "are you sober? Are you?" This question suggests that Frank was drunk a lot and Rita wanted to speak to him when he wasn't. We discover the type of relat... ...Ritas. So there may be a lot of confusion between them in the future. When Rita and Frank have finished confusing each other over Ritas name, Rita notices an erotic painting on the wall, "its very erotic isn't it?" This shows Rita sees it in a different view than Frank because he doesn't/didn't see it as erotic. This might symbolise the fact that they are from different lifestyles, or that they may not always see things in the same perspective. Overall I think the first three pages introduce the audience quite well to the main themes, it introduces Frank as an obvious alcoholic and Rita as an uneducated woman. It shows they both have different views and may find it difficult to see each other's at times. After reading the play, I found it was a good laugh, it made me understand a bit more about the two different cultures and inspired me to learn.

Importance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline

0. 1OUTLINE OF THIS PAPER This paper is discussed under the following broad areas: Preliminaries 1. Statement of the Problem 2. Executive Summary Main Paper 1. Introduction to Business Ethics 2. Ethics as an Academic Discipline 3. Importance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline 4. The Case Against Business Ethics Education 5. Conclusion 0. 2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Question 1: Discuss the importance of Ethics in business as an Academic Discipline. 0. 3EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In today’s highly competitive, performance-driven business climate, regulations are not enough; professional ethics codes are not enough; the old model of â€Å"business ethics† is not enough. According to a 2003 survey of corporate directors and general counsel conducted by the National Association of Corporate Directors and the American Corporate Counsel Association, â€Å"†¦the two groups overwhelmingly agree that the single measure that would most improve corporate governance is the establishment by senior management of an ethical business culture. And, â€Å"Another clear message of the survey is that ethical leadership from the top is the key to reducing corporate malfeasance. † Considering the ethical failures in the last several years and the resulting crisis in confidence, a sincere commitment to creating and sustaining an ethical business culture in public and private sectors has never been more important. It is important that each individual feel s personally ethically responsible. How an individual treats others, is affected by the way the individual is treated within the organization or by society. The focus on ethics provides a guide to individual and organizational actions in a consistent manner. The question ethics tries to answer is: â€Å"Is this the right thing to do? The purpose of ethical inquiry is to create a framework of general principles or right and wrong, what one might do, and what one’s duties are. The ethical application in a business situation is for managers to draw a line between morality and individual or institutional self-interest. Ethical analysis involves assessing issues and paying attention to the effects of potential decisions on the lives of those who will be affected. The imperatives of day-to-day organizational performance are so compelling that there is little time or inclination to divert attention to the moral content of organizational decision-making. Morality appears to be so esoteric and qualitative in nature that it lacks substantive relation to objective and quantitative performance. An effective organizational culture should encourage ethical behavior and discourage unethical behavior. Admittedly, ethical behavior may cost the organization. Even though ethical problems in organizations continue to greatly concern society, organizations and individuals, the potential impact that organizational culture can have on ethical behavior has not really been explored. What is needed in today's complicated times is for more organizations to step forward and operate with more positive and ethical cultures. Ethical decision making is key to the very fabric of administration and governance, either in a business setting or government operations. To have an ethical organization or business enterprise, requires: ? having a critical mass of ethically responsible individuals ? romoting norms that encourage ethical behavior ? having leaders who behave ethically and serve as ethical role models for others to emulate. 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1What is Ethics? Ethics has been defined in many different ways by various people, depending on the perceptive they have and also the context of the definition. Some of the thoughts and definitions of term à ¢â‚¬ËœEthics’ are as follows: ? Ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness or specific virtues. Ethics means the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to the standards that are reasonable and solidly-based. ? Ethics is the study and development of one’s ethical standards. It is necessary to constantly examine one’s standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. ? Ethics refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from behaving in an unacceptable manner, such as rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander or fraud. Ethical standards include standards relating to rights such as rights to life, the right to freedom from injury and the right to privacy. ? Ethics has to do with acting e thically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone. ? Ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves as friends, parents, children, citizens, business people, and professionals. . 2Definition of Terminologies associated with Ethics What are the differences between values, morals and ethics? They all provide behavioral rules, after all. It may seem like splitting hairs, but the differences can be important when persuading others. Ethics : Ethics may be defined as: rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession. Ethics tend to be codified into a formal system or set of rules which are explicitly adopted by a group of people e. g. medical ethics. Ethics are thus internally defined and adopted, whilst morals tend to be externally imposed on other people. If you accuse someone of being unethical, it is equivalent of calling them unprofessional and may well be taken as a significant insult and perceived more personally than if you called them immoral (which of course they may also not like). Values: Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldn't, good and bad. They also tell us which are more or less important, which is useful when we have to trade off meeting one value over another. Values can be defined as: beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something); â€Å"he has very conservatives values† Morals: Morals have a greater social element to values and tend to have a very broad acceptance. Morals are far more about good and bad than other values. We thus judge others more strongly on morals than values. Morals can be defined as: motivation based on ideas of right and wrong. Moral conduct is a mood arousing good behavior with others by showing happy mien, nice wording, and kind manners. Norms: Norms are the behavioral expectations and cues within a society or group. They have been defined as â€Å"the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. These rules may be explicit or implicit. Failure to stick to the rules can result in severe punishments, the most feared of which is exclusion from the group. † They have also been described as the â€Å"customary rules of behavior that coordinate our interactions with others. † The social norms indicate the established and approved ways of doing things, of dress, of speech and of appearance. 1. 3Applications of Ethics Ethics have been adapted in various areas of life such as: Legal ethics This encompasses an ethical code governing the conduct of people engaged in the practice of law. The model rules address the client-lawyer relationship, duties of a lawyer as advocate in adversary proceedings, dealings with persons other than clients, law firms and associations, public service, advertising, and maintaining the integrity of the profession. Respect of client confidences, candor toward the tribunal, truthfulness in statements to others, and professional independence are some of the defining features of legal ethics. Professional responsibility is the area of legal practice that encompasses the duties of attorneys to act in a professional manner, obey the law, avoid conflicts of interest, and put the interests of clients ahead of their own interests. Professional ethics This concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public. The professional carries additional moral responsibilities to those held by the population in general. This is because professionals are capable of making and acting on an informed decision in situations that the general public cannot, because they have not received the relevant training. For example, a layman member of the public could not be held responsible for failing to act to save a car crash victim because they could not give an emergency tracheotomy. This is because they do not have the relevant knowledge. In contrast, a fully trained doctor (with the correct equipment) would be capable of making the correct diagnosis and carrying out the procedure and we would think it wrong if they stood by and failed to help in this situation. You cannot be held accountable for failing to do something that you do not have the ability to do. This additional knowledge also comes with authority and power. The client places trust in the professional on the basis that the service provided will be of benefit to them. It would be quite possible for the professional to use his authority to exploit the client. An obvious example is that of the dentist who carries out unneeded dental work on his patients in order to gain more money. It is likely that the patient will not have sufficient knowledge to question what is being done, and so will undergo and pay for the treatment. Work ethic: This is viewed as a set of values based on the moral virtues of hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. Good work ethics may include being ? reliable ? having initiative ? maintaining social skills 1. 4Branches of Ethics Descriptive Ethics – it simply involves describing how people behave and/or what sorts of moral standards they claim to follow. Descriptive ethics will include research from the fields of anthropology, psychology, sociology and history in order to determine what people do or have believed about moral norms. . g. a description of what corporations and executives actually do value Descriptive ethics is sometimes referred to as comparative ethics because so much activity can involve comparing ethical systems: comparing the ethics of the past to the present, comparing the ethics of one society to another and comparing the ethics which people claim to follow with the actual rules of con duct which do describe their actions. All said, descriptive ethics asks two basic questions: 1. What do people claim as their moral norms? 2. How do people actually behave when it comes to moral problems? Metaethics – this investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean. Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than expressions of our individual emotions? It is a philosophical study of the meaning, nature and methodology of moral judgments and terms, relations between moral concepts, the correct ways of arguing about moral issues, similarities and differences between various normative systems (e. g. , morality, religion, law, etiquette, aesthetics, the requirements of prudence, the judgments of taste), etc. There are questions about morality that are not concerned with its content, being neither questions on what principles there should be nor how we must live. These spring instead from puzzles about the logical form of morality. For example, the question of the objectivity or subjectivity of moral judgements and the problem of the logical relation between moral beliefs and factual beliefs are not directly concerned with the content of any particular form of moral life, but with what the general logical rules of any morality or any moral argument, whatever it advocates or condemns, must be. According to Richard Garner and Bernard Rosen, there are three kinds of meta-ethical problems, or three general questions: ? What is the meaning of moral terms or judgments? ? What is the nature of moral judgments? ? How may moral judgments be supported or defended? A question of the first type might be, â€Å"What do the words ‘good', ‘bad', ‘right' and ‘wrong' mean? † For example, until you have decided whether moral beliefs reflect some objective truth or are dependent on the personal desires of their holders you cannot know what form of argument is appropriate for the support or refutation of any given belief. Indeed you may not know if rational argument about morality is possible at all. Normative ethics Takes on the task of arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others. Normative ethics is concerned with classifying actions as right and wrong without bias, as opposed to applied ethics. e. g. an account of what corporations and executives should value Applied ethics involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. By using the conceptual tools of metaethics and normative ethics, discussions in applied ethics try to resolve these controversial issues. The lines of distinction between metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics are often blurry. For example, the issue of abortion is an applied ethical topic since it involves a specific type of controversial behavior. But it also depends on more general normative principles, such as the right of self-rule and the right to life, which are litmus tests for determining the morality of that procedure. The issue also rests on metaethical issues such as, â€Å"where do rights come from? † and â€Å"what kind of beings have rights? † 1. 5Core Ethical Values The following recommended core ethical values were developed based on research by the program founder, Dr. Ron Bucknam, for the development of an applied ethics in professional practice program to assist in evolving solutions to ethical dilemmas encountered in professional practice. Integrity o exercising good judgment in professional practice o adherence to ethical principles ? Honesty ? truthfulness ? fairness ? sincerity ? Fidelity ? faithfulness to clients ? allegiance to the public trust ? loyalty to employer, firm or agency ? loyalty to the profession ? for the theist, faithfulness to God ? Charity 1) kindness 2) caring 3) good wil l 4) tolerance 5) compassion/mercy ? Responsibility 1. reliability/dependability 2. accountability 3. trustworthiness ? Self-Discipline ? acting with reasonable restraint ? not indulging in excessive behavior All the above ethical values are important to development and maintenance of an ethical business organization as well as an ethical society. 1. 6Development of Ethics The study of business ethics in North America has evolved through five distinct stages: ? Before 1960 ? The 1960’s ? The 1970’s ? The 1980’s ? The 1990’s – and continues to evolve in the 21st century. Ethics in Business Before 1960’s: Ethics in Business Until 1960, ethical issues related to business were often discussed within the domain of theology or philosophy. Catholic collages and universities began to offer courses in social ethics. Protestants also developed ethics courses in their seminars and schools of theology and addressed issues concerning morality and ethics in business. The protestant work ethics encouraged individuals to work hard and attain success in the capitalistic system. Such religious traditions provided a foundation for the future field of business ethics. The 1960’s: The rise of social issues in business The 1960’s saw the decay of inner cities and the growth of ecological problems such as pollution and disposal of toxic and nuclear waste. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy delivered â€Å"special message on protecting the consumer interest†, in which he outlined four basic consumer rights: the right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and to be heard. This came to be known as the consumer bill of rights. The modern consumer movement began in 1960’s. At this stage, activities that could destabilize the economy or discriminate any class of citizen began to be viewed as unethical The 1970’s: Business ethics as an emerging field Business ethics began to develop as an emerging field of study in the 1970’s. Business professors began to teach and write about corporate social responsibility. Companies became more concerned with their public image. The 1980’s: Consolidation In the 1980’s business academics and practitioners acknowledged business ethics as a field of study. Five hundred courses in business ethics were offered at collages across the country with more than forty thousand students enrolled. Corporations that were once nationally based began operating internationally and found themselves mired in value structures where accepted rules of business behavior no longer applied. The 1990’s: Institutionalization of business ethics The administration of President Clinton continued to support self regulation and free trade. The federal sentencing guidelines for organizations set the tone for organizational ethical compliance programs in 1990’s. Companies were made to develop corporate values, enforce its code of ethics, and strive to prevent misconduct. 1. 7Why Should One Be Ethical? Ethical behavior can be defined as: â€Å"Conducting one’s life in complete accord with a firmly held set of values and principles. † These principles may be derived from religious beliefs, philosophical understanding, etc. Application should be in all areas of one’s life: personal, family, business, social, etc. The question asked by some is whether there is a universal ethical standard for everyone. And the answer is, yes – Ethics is taught in different cultures using various approaches as seen below. Such approaches are at times used in school for more effectiveness. In Principle, there is a universal ethical standard practiced by: Christian principle: The Golden Rule â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. † Luke 6:29-38 â€Å"Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. † Luke 10:27 Other religions also have their own golden rule, that they teach their believers, which guides the moral and ethical behavioral standard. For example: Islam: No one of you is a believer until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself. Hinduism: Do nothing to thy neighbor which thou wouldst not have him do to thee. Sikhism: Treat others as you would be treated yourself. Buddhism: Hurt not others with that which pains thyself. Confucius: What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others. Aristotle: We should behave to our friends as we wish our friends to behave to us. Plato: May I do to others as I would that they should do unto me. In studying business ethics, we want to know the facts about what people actually do value. But we also want to know what people ought to value. Business ethics asks questions about how things should be done, and thus go beyond simply asking questions about ethos. There is already something odd about this question. It is like asking, â€Å"Why are bachelors unmarried? † They are unmarried by definition. If they were married, they would not be bachelors. It is the same with ethics. To say that one should do something is another way of saying it is ethical. If it is not ethical, then one should not do it. Perhaps when business people ask why they should be ethical, they have a different question in mind: what is the motivation for being good? Is their something in it for them? It is perfectly all right to ask if there is a reward for being good, but this has nothing to do with whether one should be good. It makes no sense to try convincing people that they should be good by pointing to the rewards that may follow. One should be good because â€Å"good† is, by definition, that which one should be. As for motivation, good behavior often brings a reward, but not every time. Think about it. If it were always in one’s interest to be good, there would be no need for ethics. We could simply act selfishly and forget about obligation. People invented ethics precisely because it does not always coincide with self interest. Impacts of not inculcating ethics 2. 0ETHICS AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 2. 1Can Ethics Be Taught? Of the Institutions that have contributed to the quality of human life, business ranks with science, art, and education. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individuals financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuries-old barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn't that a contradiction in terms? How moralists evaluate business depends upon their fundamental moral principles. Most moral philosophy has included the assumption that morality and practicality are two different things. Older moralists typically argued that the demands of morality conflicted with the requirements of business practicality, and so condemned business. More recent morali sts tend to adopt a less extreme version of the dichotomy, holding that determining what is practical and what is moral involves following two distinct lines of thought, although what is moral and what is practical happen to coincide in many cases. (Stephen Hicks , PhD. Chairman of the philosophy department at Rockford College, Stephen Hicks is the author of a forthcoming book on business ethics. ) Since Objectivism is unique in its rejection of the traditional dichotomy of the moral and the practical, it offers a unique perspective on the full range of business ethics issues. Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, The Virtue of Selfishness, and Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal remain by far the best presentation of the broader moral context within which to evaluate the various dimensions of business practice. The major issues in business ethics can be classified into four areas: ? The relationship between business and consumers ? The relationship between employers and employees ? The nature and value of special forms of business organization—most notably, that of the corporation ? The nature and value of financial markets The issue of the proper scope of government regulation cuts across these four categories. Miscellaneous issues such as waste disposal (â€Å"the environment†) and investing in morally dubious foreign nations (such as Communist China or Iraq) are often debated in the business ethics literature, but are primarily issues of political theory and so do not fit into the above business ethics categories. Even granting that business ethics is important, many seem to believe that there is no point in studying the subject. Ethics is something you feel, not something you think. Finance, marketing, operations, and even business law lend themselves to intellectual treatment, but ethics does not. The idea that ethics has no intellectual content is odd indeed, considering that some of the most famous intellectuals in world history have given it a central place in their thought (Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, etc. ). Ethics is in fact a highly developed field that demands close reasoning. The Western tradition in particular has given rise to sophisticated deontological, teleological and consequentialist theories of right and wrong. No one theory explains everything satisfactorily, but the same is true, after all, in the natural sciences. Even when they grant that ethics has intellectual content, people often say that studying the field will not change behavior. Character is formed in early childhood, not during a professor’s lecture. If the suggestion here is that college-level study does not change behavior, we should shut down the entire business school, not only the ethics course. Presumably the claim, then, is that studying finance and marketing can influence one’s conduct, but studying ethics cannot. This is again a curious view, since ethics is the one field that deals explicitly with conduct. Where is the evidence for this view? The early origins of character do not prevent finance and marketing courses from influencing behavior. Why cannot ethics courses also have an effect? Ethics courses have a number of features that seem likely to influence behavior: ? Ethical courses provide a language and conceptual framework with which one can talk and think about ethical issues. Their emphasis on case studies helps to make one aware of the potential consequences of one’s actions. ? They present ethical that theories help define what a valid ethical argument looks like. ? They teach one to make distinctions and avoid fallacies that are so common when people make decisions. ? They give one an opportunity to think through, at one’s leisure, complex ethical issues that are likely to arise later, when there is no time to think. ? They introduce one to such specialized areas as product liability, employment, intellectual property, environmental protection, and cross-cultural management. They give one practice at articulating an ethical position, which can help resist pressure to compromise. None of this convinces one to be good, but it is useful to those who want to be good. It may also improve business conduct in general. ? They enable an individual identify the unethical business conducts that occurs in the business world to-date, for example: o Ac count Fraud o Insider Trading; (of stock and Bonds) o Falsifying Documents o Deceptive Advertising o Defective Products o Bribery o Employee Theft ? They train the society and future generations to be ethical thereby raising the ethical standards in the business world. An individual’s personal values and moral philosophy are only one factor in the ethical decision-making process. The courses enable an individual to distinguish the individuals everyday ethical issues from business ones. ? They enable one to deal with individuals’ personal moral dilemmas as these issues affect everyone’s ability to function on the job. How many of the recent business scandals would have occurred if subordinates had possessed the skills, vocabulary and conceptual equipment to raise an ethical issue with their coworkers? Ethics not only should be studied alongside management, but the two fields are closely related. Business management is all about making the right decisions. Ethics is all about making the right decisions. So what is the difference between the two? Management is concerned with how decisions affect the company, while ethics is concerned about how decisions affect everything. Management operates in the specialized context of the firm, while ethics operates in the general context of the world. Management is therefore part of ethics. A business manager cannot make the right decisions without understanding management in particular as well as ethics in general. Business ethics is management carried out in the real world. This is why usiness majors should study ethics for future benefit in the business world. 3. 0IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 3. 1Benefits of Ethics in Business Business ethics started developing as an academic discipline in the 1970’s. At this time, theologians and philosophers had laid down the ground work suggesting that certain pri nciples could be applied to the corporate activities. Using this foundation, business professors started to teach and write about corporate social responsibility which is an organization’s obligation to maximize its positive impact to stake holders and to minimize its negative impact. A Marketplace Advantage: When most managers and employees study ethics in learning institutions as an academic discipline, it enables them gain intelligence of business ethics, that later attracts more customers and investors who will have more trust for the corporate practices and values as primary considerations in their decision-making to either, if customers, buy the organization’s product or, if investors, decide to invest in the organization. Superior Employee Performance: With the company employees and management application of their academic gained business ethics practices, the companies with sound business ethics and established values report improved employee morale, reduced employee turnover and increased productivity. As a result, the organization is able to work towards achieving its objectives due to enhanced better performance of the employees. Reputation Management: Workers in the organization can use their academically gained ethical lessons since if an organization is damaged by scandal or unethical behavior, a company’s reputation may never recover – resulting in lost revenue, low employee morale, and increased governmental and public scrutiny. Emphasizing responsible business conduct is the surest means of preserving a company’s intangible assets. Powerful legal and Financial Incentives: Another importance for the organization to follow business ethics is that the international regulatory developments shall provide strong legal and financial incentives to corporations that establish standards of conduct and provide ethics education and training to employees promoting business ethics as an academic discipline and ethical conducts of individuals in the organization. Enhanced Consumer ad employee loyalty: Consumer and employee commitment comes from their belief that their future is attached to the organization and thus are willing to make sacrifices for the organization. Study of ethics as an academic discipline is able to highlight to the consumer and employees the importance to be loyal to one organization; the benefits are reduced prices to the consumers and ability to the seller to understand the customer needs, it also promotes more trust to the employees who are also able to share during the company success periods. Increased Organization Profits: Another importance of business ethics as an academic discipline is that the company can improve its profit base. A company cannot nurture and develop an ethical climate unless it has achieved adequate financial profits. Businesses with greater resources have means to practice social responsibility while serving their customers, valuing their employees, and establishing trust with the public. Many studies have found relationships between corporate social responsibility and business performance. Customer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction is another important value business receives from better ethical operations of the organization that serves its customers and customer satisfaction is one of the most important in an effective business strategy. This can be achieved one way if the business operates ethically by considering the customer expectations and needs as well as avoiding exploitation of the customers. Investor’s loyalty: Investors today are extremely concerned with the organizations ethics, social responsibility, and reputations of the companies in which they invest in. investors also do recognize that the ethical climate provides a foundation of efficiency, productivity and profitability. Many companies such as Global crossing, Adelphia, Freddie Mac lost their investors due to unethical standards in their operations. Differentiating between personal and business ethics: Many people believe that individual’s ethics can be applied in the business setting, that is, wrong study of business ethics as an academic discipline helps to give a difference between the personal ethics and business ethics that can be applied in solving the organization’s ethical dilemmas. Identification of ethical issues: Study of ethics as an academic discipline also helps in enlightening individuals on ways to identify and deal with business ethics issues. It also enables both organizations and individuals to learn about ethical decision making and ways to promote ethical standards in the organization. By studying business ethics one begins to understand how to cope with conflicts. Promotion of organization responsibility: Study of ethics as an academic discipline also helps to ensure the organization undertakes its responsibility in the society and help solve the company stake holder’s problems. 3. 2Societal Costs of Unethical Behavior 1. Law enforcement and other security personnel 2. Physical protection (locks, electronic security, fences, vaults, etc. ) 3. A substantial portion of attorney and court system costs 4. Some welfare costs 5. Costs of collecting taxes 6. Wasted/misused investment funds . A substantial portion of accounting/auditing costs 8. A large fraction of costs for regulators and examiners 9. Some marketing/advertising costs 10. Costs for institutions like better business bureaus, consumer protection agencies 11. Some costs of bankruptcy 12. Lack of investment from outside investors, tourists 3. 3Business Costs of Unethical Behavior 1. Loss of physical as sets 2. Increased costs of security 3. Loss of customers – especially those who value ethics 4. Loss of employees especially – the more ethical 5. Loss of reputation 6. Increased legal costs 7. Higher costs of debt 8. Loss of investor confidence (lower stock price, difficulty in raising funds, problems with lenders) 9. Regulatory intrusion 10. Costs of bankruptcy 3. 4How Does Ethical Behavior Add Value? Better information a. Trust from investors b. Lower costs for audits, controls, investigations c. Better allocation of resources d. Customers will be more loyal e. Lower costs from suppliers f. Attracting and retaining better employees Fair competition g. Lowers cost of business in economy h. Leads to better decision-making (do what’s best for firm, not one individual) i. Improves competitive nature of a country’s economy Just compensation j. Creates a more vibrant, entrepreneurial economy k. Attracts and retains better employees Rights of others l. Draws upon talents of wider set of individuals m. Develops long-term respect from the community n. Maintains the environment for long-term value to all 3. 5How Can Ethical Values be Taught? Level 1: The Foundation – Personal Ethical Understanding ? Concepts of right and wrong, fair play, respect for rights of others, honesty, personal integrity ? Best learned in the home at an early age – and follow-up is needed throughout life ? Institutions (churches, schools, etc. can help ? Difficult to â€Å"back fill† in adulthood Level 2: Application to Business – Application of Ethics to Business Situations ? Can be taught in management education and organizations – provided students have a personal understanding of ethics ? Taught by modeling (cases and personal example are helpful) ? Can be reinforced by policies, codes of ethic s, training ? Businesses can teach through proper modeling: â€Å"Companies also have to further strengthen ethics management and social responsibility activities to improve their public image’’ – Korean Commerce-Industry-Energy Minister Lee Hee-beom. Level 3: Ethical Courage ? It is not sufficient to simply understand ethical principles ? One must have the courage to pay a price for being ethical ? Examples can be helpful—case studies showing people willing to stand up for ethical principles ? Again, it helps to have â€Å"practiced† ethical behavior over many years—especially in small things Level 4: Ethical Leadership ? The ability and willingness to encourage others to behave ethically ? Can be taught through cases, problem solving, study of successful organizations ? Developing an organizational climate that fosters ethical behavior ? Structuring policies that encourages ethics ? Behaving ethically while facing the pressures of leadership 3. 6Challenges of Teaching Ethics & Ethical Dilemma As the twenty-first century approaches, companies face a variety of changes and challenges that will have a profound impact on organizational dynamics and performance. In many ways, these changes will decide who will survive and prosper into the next century and who will not. Among these challenges are the following: ? The challenge of international competition. The challenge of new technologies. ? The challenge of increased quality. ? The challenge of employee motivation and commitment. ? The challenge of managing a diverse workforce. ? The challenge of ethical behavior. 3. 7Ethics and The Challenge Of Ethical Behavior The word â€Å"ethics† is often in the news these days. Ethics is a philosophical term derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† m eaning character or custom. This definition is germane to effective leadership in organizations in that it connotes an organization code conveying moral integrity and consistent values in service to the public. Certain organizations will commit themselves to a philosophy in a formal pronouncement of a Code of Ethics or Standards of Conduct. Having done so, the recorded idealism is distributed or shelved, and all too often that is that. Other organizations, however, will be concerned with aspects of ethics of greater specificity, usefulness, and consistency. Formally defined, ethical behavior is that which is morally accepted as â€Å"good† and â€Å"right† as opposed to â€Å"bad† or â€Å"wrong† in a particular setting. Is it ethical, for example, to pay a bribe to obtain a business contract in a foreign country? Is it ethical to allow your company to withhold information that might discourage a job candidate from joining your organization? Is it ethical to ask someone to take a job you know will not be good for their career progress? Is it ethical to do personal business on company time? The list of examples could go on and on. Despite one's initial inclinations in response to these questions, the major point of it all is to remind organizations that the public-at-large is demanding that government officials, managers, workers in general, and the organizations they represent all act according to high ethical and moral tandards. The future will bring a renewed concern with maintaining high standards of ethical behavior in organizational transactions and in the workplace. Many executives, administrators, and social scientists see unethical behavior as a cancer working on the fabric of society in too many of today's organizations and beyond. Many are concerned that we face a crisis of ethics in the West that is undermining our competitive strength. This crisis involves business-people, government officials, customers, and employees. Especially worrisome is unethical behavior among employees at all levels of the organization. For example, a recent study found that employees accounted for a higher percentage of retail thefts than did customers (Silverstein, 1989). The study estimated that one in every fifteen employees steals from his or her employer. In addition, we hear about illegal and unethical behavior on Wall Street, pension scandals in which disreputable executives gamble on risky business ventures with employees' retirement funds, companies that expose their workers to hazardous working conditions, and blatant favoritism in hiring and promotion practices. Although such practices occur throughout the world, their presence nonetheless serves to remind us of the challenge facing organizations. This challenge is especially difficult because standards for what constitutes ethical behavior lie in a â€Å"grey zone† where clear-cut right-versus wrong answers may not always exist. As a result, sometimes unethical behavior is forced on organizations by the environment in which it exists and laws such as the Foreign Corruption Practices Act. For example, if you were a sales representative for an American company abroad and your foreign competitors used bribes to get business, what would you do? In the United States such behavior is illegal, yet it is perfectly acceptable in other countries. What is ethical here? Similarly, in many countries women are systematically discriminated against in the workplace; it is felt that their place is in the home. In the United States, again, this practice is illegal. If you ran an American company in one of these countries, would you hire women in important positions? If you did, your company might be isolated in the larger business community, and you might lose business. If you did not, you might be violating what most Americans believe to be fair business practices. The effective management of ethical issues requires that organizations ensure that their managers and employees know how to deal with ethical issues in their everyday work lives. Therefore, organizational members must first understand some of the underlying reasons for the occurrence of unethical practices. 3. 8Unethical Behavior: Why Does It Occur In Organizations? The potential for individuals and organizations to behave unethically is limitless. Unfortunately, this potential is too frequently realized. Consider, for example, how greed overtook concerns about human welfare when the Manville Corporation suppressed evidence that asbestos inhalation was killing its employees, or when Ford failed to correct a known defect that made its Pinto vulnerable to gas tank explosions following low speed rear-end collisions (Bucholz, I 989). One answer to the question of why individuals knowingly commit unethical actions is based on the idea that organizations often reward behaviors that violate ethical standards. Consider, for example, how many business executives are expected to deal in bribes and payoffs, despite the negative publicity and ambiguity of some laws, and how good corporate citizens who blow the whistle on organizational wrongdoing may fear being punished for their actions. Jansen and Von Glinow (1985) explain that organizations tend to develop counternorms, accepted organizational practices that are contrary to prevailing ethical standards. It is not too difficult to recognize how individuals can knowingly engage in unethical practices with such mentalities. The overemphasis on short-term monetary gain and getting votes in the next election may lead to decisions and rationalizations that not only hurt individuals in the long run, but threaten the very existence of organizations themselves. Some common rationalizations used to justify unethical behavior are easily derived from Gellerman (1986): ? Pretending the behavior is not really unethical or illegal. ? Excusing the behavior by saying it's really in the organizations or your best interest. ? Assuming the behavior is okay because no one else would ever be expected to find out about it. Expecting your superiors to support and protect you if anything should go wrong. Rules, procedures, and other control mechanisms often lag behind growth of a firm, providing organizational members with an opportunity to behave illegally because no internal rules prescribe such behavior. Predisposition indicates a tendency or inclination to select certain activities–illegal ones–over activit ies because of socialization or other organizational processes. Baucus and Near (1991) avoid the assumption that a firm's managers or agents subscribe to a different set of ethical standards than the rest of society. Instead, they recognize that organizations, and industries, can exert a powerful influence on their members, even those who initially have fairly strong ethical standards. Certain industry cultures may predispose organizations to develop cultures that encourage their members to select unethical acts. If an organization's major competitors in an industry are performing well, in part as a result of unethical activities, it becomes difficult for organizational members to choose only unethical actions, and they may regard unethical actions as a standard of industry practice. Such a scenario results in an organizational culture that serves as a strong precipitant to unethical actions. The next section looks at the organizational culture-ethical behavior relationship. The ethical climate of an organization is the shared set of understandings about what correct behavior is and how ethical issues will be handled. This climate sets the tone for decision making at all levels and in all circumstances. Some of the factors that may be emphasized in different ethical climates of organizations are (Hunt, 1991; Schneider and Rentsch, 1991): ? Personal self-interest ? Company profit ? Operating efficiency ? Individual friendships ? Team interests ? Social responsibility ? Personal morality ? Rules and standard procedures ? Laws and professional codes Pressure, opportunity, and predisposition can all lead to unethical activities; however, organizations must still take a proactive stance to promote an ethical climate. The final section provides some useful suggestions available to organizations for creating a more ethical climate. 3. 9Promoting an Ethical Climate: Some Suggestions and Strategies Recent literature has suggested several strategies for promoting ethical behavior in organizations. (Adler and Bird, 1988; Burns, 1987; Harrington, 1991; Raelin, 1987; Stead etal. , 1990). 1. First, chief executives should encourage ethical consciousness in their organizations from the top down showing the support and care about ethical practices. 2. Second, formal processes should be used to support and reinforce ethical behavior. For example, internal regulation may involve the use of codes of corporate ethics, and the availability of appeals processes. 3. Finally, it is recommended that the philosophies of top managers as well as immediate supervisors focus on the institutionalization of ethical norms and practices that are incorporated into all organizational levels. The philosophies of top managers as well as immediate supervisors represent a critical organizational factor influencing the ethical behavior of employees (Stead etal. , 1990). A seven-step checklist that organizations should use to help their employees in dealing with an ethical dilemma (Schermerhorn, 1989; Otten, 1986): 1. Recognize and clarify the dilemma. 2. Get all the possible facts. . List all your options. 4. Test each option by asking: â€Å"Is it legal? Is it right? Is it beneficial? † 5. Make your decision. 6. Double check your decision by asking: â€Å"How would I feel if my family found out about this? How would I feel if my decision was printed in the local newspaper? † 7. Take action. An effective organizational culture should encourage ethic al behavior and discourage unethical behavior. Admittedly, ethical behavior may â€Å"cost† the organization. An example might be the loss of sales when a multinational firm refuses to pay a bribe to secure business in a particular country. Certainly, individuals might be reinforced for behaving unethically (particularly if they do not get caught). In a similar fashion, an organization might seem to gain from unethical actions. For example, a purchasing agent for a large corporation might be bribed to purchase all needed office supplies from a particular supplier. However, such gains are often short-term rather than long-term in nature. In the long run, an organization cannot operate if its prevailing culture and values are not congruent with those of society. This is just as true as the observation that, in the long run, an organization cannot survive unless it produces goods and services that society wants and needs. Thus an organizational culture that promotes ethical behavior is not only more compatible with prevailing cultural values, but, in fact, makes good sense. Although much remains to be learned about why ethical behavior occurs in organizations and creating and maintaining organizational cultures that encourage ethical behavior, organizations can benefit from the following suggestions: ? Be realistic in setting values and goals regarding employment relationships. Do not promise what the organization cannot deliver. ? Encourage input throughout the organization regarding appropriate values and practices for implementing the cultures. Choose values that represent the views of employees at all levels of the organization. ? Do not automatically opt for a â€Å"strong† culture. Explore methods to provide for diversity and dissent, such as grievance or complaint mechanisms or other internal review procedures. ? Insure that a whistle-blowing and/or ethical concerns procedure is established for internal problem-solving (Harrington, 1991). Provide ethics training programs for all employees. These programs should explain the underlying ethical and legal (Drake and Drake, 1988) principles and present practical aspects of carrying our procedural guidelines. Understand that not all ethical situations are clear-cut. Like many basic business situations, the organization should recognize that there are ambiguous, grey areas where ethical tradeoffs may be necessary. More importantly, some situations have no simple solution (Cooke, 1991). ? Integrate ethical decision-making into the performance appraisal process. . 0THE CASE AGAINST BUSINESS ETHICS EDUCATION 4. 1The Milton Friedman Argument According to Milton Friedman’s philosophy it states that the ethical duty of business people is to maximize profit. He also says in his philosophy that businesses should be concerned with stakeholders’ wealth maximization which requires competency in their business. This means that they (business people) should study marketing, finance, and operations and should not waste time studying ethics. Freidman advances two main arguments for his position. First that corporate executives and directors are not qualified to do anything other than maximize profit. Business people are experts at making money, not making social policy, and it is by making money, that they contribute to human welfare. They lack the perspective and training to address complex social problems, which should be left to government and social service agencies The second argument which is rooted in Friedman’s libertarian philosophy maintains that corporate officers have no right to do anything other than maximize profit. Corporate officers have no right to spend investors’ money on social welfare. Sole proprietors can spend the company’s money the way they want, since it is their money, but fiduciaries and hired managers have no such privileges. If they want to contribute to social causes, they are free to donate as much of their own money as they please. In the first argument, determining just how far they should go in order to meet this goal is what business ethics is all about. Business ethics rather than social ethics in general is the required competency. Students concede to this in that once business ethics is distinguished from ethics in general simply collapses into the duty of maximizing profit under the law. There are no specifically business related obligations than this and no training beyond business law and the traditional managerial skills is required. 4. 2The Argument from Incentives This argument begins with the familiar hypothesis that economic phenomena are best explained as resulting from the choices of utility maximizing, self interested individuals. Moral sentiments therefore play no significant role in economic life. Even if there are duties beyond profit maximization, the only way to encourage ethical behavior is to install financial and legal incentives. Business People respond to these not ethics lectures. If business people behave ethically, it is only because financial inducements and legal sanctions are properly calibrated, not because Kant or Aristotle inspired them to do the right thing. For example in the U. S. business scandals can only be addressed by such measures as regulatory reform, improved corporate governance, and removal of conflict of interest. Ethics instructions have no place in this picture. 4. 3The Gut Feeling Argument One cannot study ethics in a meaningful sense anyway, since it is something ou feel, not something you think about. Ethical judgment is seen as an essentially non-rational function that is tied to emotions and early childhood development. 4. 4The Moral Development Argument. Moral character is formed in early childhood, not while sitting in ethics class. By the time students enter business school, it is too late to change. One learns ethics from mom and dad, not from college professors. Moral chara cter is fixed early in life. This does not imply that ethics instruction serves no useful purpose, since it can change behavior even if it doesn’t change character. The opponents of ethics education presumably concedes that finance, marketing and operations courses change behavior, but insist that ethics courses do not. Where is the evidence showing the ethics which directly deals with how one should behave, incapable of changing behavior? There are a number of reasons to suspect that ethics instructions can affect conduct without going as far as to change character. They are: ? It provides a language and conceptual framework with which one can talk and think about ethical issues. Its emphasis on case studies helps to make one aware of the potential consequences of ones actions. It presents ethical theories that help define what a valid ethical argument looks like. It teaches one to make distinctions and avoid fallacies that are so common when people make decisions. ? It gives one an opportunity to think through, at ones leisure, complex ethical issues that are likely to arise later, when there is no time to think. 4. 5The motivational argument This final argument takes us into ethics the first class on the first day of the semester. Even if there is reason to study ethics, business students see no motivation to study it and do not take the subject seriously. Many students object to ethics class with such animus as it is different from others as they say. The finance or marketing instructor enlightens them, but the ethics instructor preaches to them and some students do not want to be preached to, and so react negatively. Accordingly, it is seen that students say that their finance instructors do not try to convince them to make money as the lecturers know the students want to make money and so they tell them how to make the money as opposed to the ethics lecturers who assume that students want to be ethical and so tell them how to. Some instructors have devised a number of strategies to overcome this issue. They convince students that ethical conduct is smart business, because they can â€Å"do well by doing good†. They integrate discussion of ethical issues into courses students’ regard as legitimate, such as finance and marketing. They bring in seasoned executives to talk about how ethics is a constant factor in their decision making. 5. 0CONCLUSION In conclusion, study of business ethics as an academic discipline is important to ensure that the managers are equipped with the tools and knowledge to undertake the ethical judgment about the organization business operations. This study also enables the organization to work towards achieving its objectives it sets to achieve since the stakeholders who contribute to the organization’s success will have more trust in the company to manage their interests in that organization. Even though ethical problems in organizations continue to greatly concern society, organizations, and individuals, the potential impact that organizational culture can have on ethical behavior has not really been explored (Hellreigel et al. , 1989). The challenge of ethical behavior must be met by organizations if they are truly concerned about survival and competitiveness. What is needed in today's complicated times is for more organizations to step forward and operate with strong, positive, and ethical cultures. Organizations have to ensure that their employees know how to deal with ethical issues in their everyday work lives. As a result, when the ethical climate is clear and positive, everyone will know what is expected of them when inevitable ethical dilemmas occur. This can give employees the confidence to be on the lookout for unethical behavior and act with the understanding that what they are doing is considered correct and will be supported by top management and the entire organization. REFERENCES 1. FERRELL, O. C. , FRAEDIRICH, J. & FERRELL, L. (2005). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Houghton Mifflin Company, U. S. A. 2. Hooker, J. (April 2003). Why Business Ethics? Carnegie Mellon University. 3. http://wpweb2. tepper. cmu. edu/ethics/whybizethics. pdf 4. http://construct. haifa. ac. il/~danielp/soc/sims. htm 5. http://changingminds. org/explanations/values/values_morals_ethics. htm 6. Friedman, M (1970), â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is To Increase Its Profits,† New York Times Magazine (September 13). 7. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Meta-ethics